CREATING THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION: hebrew schools in Palestine before 1948
Palavras-chave:
History, Mathematics Instruction, Palestine, Eretz-Israel, Language, HebrewResumo
This paper describes the process through which the Hebrew language, formerly only a liturgical language, became the language of mathematical instruction in Hebrew schools. Around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Hebrew was not used in daily life by the Jewish community in Palestine. With the foundation of Hebrew schools, the lack of Hebrew mathematical vocabulary became apparent and a systematic creation of Hebrew scientific terminology began. This new terminology enabled the creation of the first Hebrew secondary mathematics textbook.
Downloads
Referências
Ahad-Ha’am. (1950). Truth from Eretz-Israel, Second Paper [אמת מארץ-ישראל, מאמר שני]. In The Complete Works of Ahad-Ha’am [כל כתבי אחד העם] (2nd ed.) (pp. 30-34, 39-40). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Dvir. (Hebrew).
Baruch, A. R. (1912-1913). Mathematics instruction in schools—Objectives and means of mathematics instruction [למוד המתמטיקה בבתי-הספר - המטרה והאמצעים בלמוד המתמטיקה]. Ha-Hinuch: Pedagogical Journal for Teachers and Parents, 3rd Year, March 1912-February 1913, 262-267. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1921). Algebra: Textbook and question collection for secondary schools [אלגברה: ספר-למוד וקבץ שאלות לבתי-ספר תיכוניים] (1st ed.). Jaffa, Israel: Author. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1926). Geometry: First circle [גיאומטריה: חוג ראשון] (2nd ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Author. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1929a). Algebra: Textbook and question collection for secondary schools. Booklet 2 [אלגברה: ספר-למוד וקבץ שאלות לבתי-ספר תיכוניים. חוברת ב'] (3rd ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Dvir. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora,
Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1929b). Algebra: Textbook and question collection for secondary schools. Booklet 4 [אלגברה: ספר-למוד וקבץ שאלות לבתי-ספר תיכוניים. חוברת ד'] (3rd ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Dvir. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora,
Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1936b). Geometry: Second circle. Part 1:Two-dimensional geometry [גיאומטריה: חוג שני. חלק ראשון: במישור] (1st ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Dvir. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1946). Trigonometry: Textbook and question collection [טריגונומטריה: ספר-למוד וקבץ שאלות] (4th ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Dvir. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. (1951). Algebra: Textbook and question collection for secondary schools. Booklet 5 [אלגברה: ספר-למוד וקבץ שאלות לבתי-ספר תיכוניים. חוברת חמישית] (6th ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Dvir. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Baruch, A. R. [ca. 1929-1933]. Mathematics instruction in The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium in Jaffa and in Tel-Aviv [הוראת המתמטיקה בגמנסיה "הרצליה" ביפו ותל-אביב]. (Hebrew). The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium Archive, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Bilanski, J., & Robinson, N. (1933a). Geometry: Textbook and question collection for secondary schools. Book 1: Two-dimensional geometry, Booklet 1 [גיאומטריה: ספר למוד וקבץ שאלות לבתי-ספר תיכוניים. ספר 1: (פלנמטריה), חוברת א'] (1st ed.). Tel-Aviv: Mada Ve-Technika. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Biram, A. [ca. 1914-1917]. Curriculum for every school year [בית הספר הריאלי העברי בחיפה. פרוגרמה לכל שנות הלמוד] (2nd ed.). (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.105/2.
British Mandate in Palestine, British Board of Higher Studies. (1924-1927). Palestine matriculation examinations. [Original copies of British matriculation examinations in Palestine from the years 1924 to 1927]. Examination Section-Palestine Matriculation Examinations. (English, Hebrew, Arabic). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel. Physical Identification: 15351/1-גל. Logic Identification: 71.16/2-1. Item No.: 100120. Address: 02-113-01-07-01.
British Mandate in Palestine, British Board of Higher Studies. (1928-1929). Palestine matriculation examinations. [Original copies of British matriculation examinations in Palestine from the years 1928 to 1929]. Examination Section-Palestine Matriculation Examinations. (English, Hebrew, Arabic). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel. Physical Identification: 15351/2-גל. Logic Identification: 71.16/2-2. Item No.: 100121. Address: 02-113-01-07-01.
British Mandate in Palestine, British Board of Higher Studies. (1930-1934). Palestine matriculation examinations. [Original copies of British matriculation examinations in Palestine from the years 1930 to 1934]. Examination Section-Palestine Matriculation Examinations. (English, Hebrew, Arabic). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel. Physical Identification: 15351/3-גל. Logic Identification: 71.0/44-3. Address: 02-113-01-07-01.
British Mandate in Palestine, British Board of Higher Studies. (1943-1944). Palestine matriculation examinations. [Original copies of British matriculation examinations in Palestine from the years 1943 to 1944]. Examination Section-Palestine Matriculation Examinations. (English, Hebrew, Arabic). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel. Physical Identification: 15351/4-גל. Logic Identification: 71.0/44-4. Address: 02-113-01-07-01.
By the Hebrew Language Committee [מאת ועד הלשון]. (1932, January 13). Davar (newspaper), p. 3. (Hebrew). Retrieved from http://jpress.org.il/view-english.asp.
Carmi, S. (1986). Hebrew education first steps: “The Hebrew teachers’ meeting in Eretz-Israel” and its place in the history of education, 1892-1896 [תלמים ראשונים בחינוך העברי: "אסיפת המורים העבריים בארץ-ישראל" ומקומה בתולדות החינוך / תרנ"ב-תרנ"ו] (pp. 22-50). Jerusalem, Israel: Re’uven Mass. (Hebrew).
Corry, L., & Schappacher, N. (2010). Zionist Internationalism through Number Theory: Edmund Landau at the Opening of the Hebrew University in 1925. Science in Context, 23(4), 427-471.
Efrati, N. (2004). The evolution of spoken Hebrew in pre-state Israel, 1881-1922 [מלשון יחידים ללשון אומה: הדיבור העברי בארץ-ישראל בשנים תרמ"ב-תרפ"ב]. Jerusalem, Israel: The Academy for the Hebrew Language. (Hebrew).
Even-Shoshan, A. (1966). Teachers’ college in Beit Ha-Kerem [בית המדרש למורים בבית הכרם]. In Kadari, S. (Ed.), 40 years to Beit Ha-Kerem: 1923-1963 [בית הכרם בת הארבעים: תרפ"ג-תשכ"ג] (pp. 164-170). Jerusalem, Israel: Defus Salomon. (Hebrew).
Friesenhausen, D. (1797). The whole of arithmetic [כליל החשבון]. Berlin: Defus Hanoch Ne’arim. (Hebrew). Retrieved from Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
Friesenhausen, D. (1835). The whole of arithmetic [כליל החשבון]. Żelechów, Poland: Meir Heffer Press. (Hebrew). Retrieved from the National Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
Haramati, S. (2000). The Pioneer Teachersin Eretz Israel [המורים החלוצים]. Israel: Ministry of Defence. (Hebrew).
Holtzberg, R. Y. (1944, February 14). [Letter to the Committee for Determining Uniform Mathematical Notation] [מכתב לחברי הועדה לקביעת סמני פעולות החשבון]. (Hebrew). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel.
Ibn Ezra, A. (1867). The Book of Unit [ספר האחד]. Odessa, Ukraine: L. Neitzsche & A. Zederbaum (Hebrew). Retrieved from the National Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
Ibn Ezra, A. (1895). The Book of Number [ספר המספר]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Kaufmann, Y. (Hebrew). Retrieved from the National Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
Jewish National Council in Palestine, Department of Education. (1938). Graduation examinations in secondary schools (Regulations, Programs, and Questions), 10th Booklet [מחלקת החנוך של הועד הלאומי לכנסת ישראל בארץ ישראל. בחינות הגמר בבה"ס התיכוניים (תקנות, תכניות, שאלות)]. [Includes text of the Hebrew graduation examinations from the years 1937 and 1938]. Jerusalem, Israel. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.103/7.
Jewish National Council in Palestine, Department of Education. (1948). Graduation examination regulations in secondary schools [תקנות בחינות גמר בבתי-ספר תיכוניים]. [Includes text of the Hebrew graduation examinations for the Liberal Arts Department from the years 1941-1947]. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.103/7.
Jewish National Council in Palestine, Department of Education. (ca. 1944a). Mathematical notation and regulations (Department Instructions) [סימני החשבון וכללים לרשום פעולות החשבון (הוראות המחלקה)]. (Hebrew). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel.
Jewish National Council in Palestine, Department of Education. (ca. 1944b). The Department regulations for uniform mathematical notation [תקנות המחלקה לסמנים אחידים בחשבון]. (Hebrew). Israel State Archive, Jerusalem, Israel. Physical Identification: 1649/5-גל.
Klemantinowski, A. J. (1894). Art of arithmetic [מעשה החשבון]. Warsaw, Poland: Shuldberg Brothers Press. (Hebrew). Retrieved from the National Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
Lourie, Y. (1921). Education in Eretz-Israel: Report. Second Booklet [מחלקת החינוך בארץ ישראל. החינוך בארץ ישראל: דין וחשבון. חוברת ב']. [Gives an overview of the various educational institutions in Eretz-Israel]. Tel-Aviv, Israel: Department of Education in Eretz-Israel. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.120/10.
Pekarskas, V. (2008). From the first Lithuanian mathematical textbooks to scientific research in mathematics. International Journal for the History of Mathematics Education, 3(1), 19-32.
Protests against the Technicum’s Board [מחאות נגד הקוראטורים של הטיחניקום]. (1913, November 27). Ha-Zman (newspaper), p. 2. (Hebrew). Retrieved from http://jpress.org.il/view-english.asp.
Razi-Stein, R. 1991. The First in Mathematics [הראשון למתמטיקה]. Aleh 9, 20–24. (Hebrew).
Schur, N. (1998). History of the Holy Land [תולדות ארץ ישראל: מן התקופה הפריהיסטורית עד ימינו]. Tel-Aviv. Dvir. (Hebrew).
Shahar, D. (2000). The revival of the Hebrew language as an expression of historical and cultural conception, in the beginning of Hebrew education in Palestine [החייאת הלשון העברית כביטוי לתפיסה היסטורית ותרבותית, בחינוך העברי בארץ-ישראל בראשיתו]. Ma’of U-Ma’ase, 6, 127-149. (Hebrew).
Sharshevski, R., Katz, A., Kolet, I., & Barkai, H. (with Haran, A.). (1968a). One hundred years and twenty more: Photographic history of Eretz-Israel from the second half of the nineteenth century. Part A: During the Ottoman ruling 1850-1917 [מאה שנה ועוד 20: הסטוריה מצולמת של ארץ ישראל ממחצית המאה ה-19. 1. ימי השלטון העותומאני 1850-1917]. Jerusalem, Israel: Sifriyat Ma’ariv. (Hebrew).
Sharshevski, R., Katz, A., Kolet, I., & Barkai, H. (with Haran, A.). (1968b). One hundred years and twenty more: Photographic history of Eretz-Israel from the second half of the nineteenth century. Part B: During the British Mandate 1917-1948 [מאה שנה ועוד 20: הסטוריה מצולמת של ארץ ישראל ממחצית המאה ה-19. 2. ימי המנדט הבריטי 1917-1948]. Jerusalem, Israel: Sifriyat Ma’ariv. (Hebrew).
Shavit, Y. (1992a). The emergence of a new society: 1881-1948. In E. Barnavi & M. Eliav-Feldon (Eds.), A historical atlas of the Jewish people: From the time of the patriarchs to the present (pp. 220-221). New York, NY: Schocken.
Shavit, Y. (1992b). The revival of Jewish Palestine: 1881-1948. In E. Barnavi & M. Eliav-Feldon (Eds.), A historical atlas of the Jewish people: From the time of the patriarchs to the present (pp. 202-203). New York, NY: Schocken.
Shavit, Y., & Reinharz, J. (2010). The scientific god— Popular science in Hebrew in Eastern Europe in the second half of the 19th century: Between knowledge and a new Image of the Universe ["האל המדעי"- מדע פופולרי בעברית במזרח אירופה במחצית השנייה של המאה ה-19: בין ידע ותמונת יקום חדשה]. Tel-Aviv, Israel: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House Ltd. (Hebrew).
Slonimski, H. S. (1865). A book of basic mathematics [יסודי חכמת השעור ספר] (1st ed.). Zitomir, Ukraine: Shadav, A. S. (Rashi script). Retrieved from the National Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
Slonimski, C. Z., & Retner, Y. (1898). A book of basic mathematics [יסודי חכמת השיעור ספר] (2nd ed.). Vilnius, Lithuania: Rosenkranz and Schriftsatzer Press. (Hebrew). Retrieved from the National Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
The Hebrew Language Committee. (1928). Memories of the Hebrew Language Committee, 1912-1913 [זכרונות ועד הלשון, תרע"ב–תרע"ג] (2nd ed.). Jerusalem, Israel: The Hebrew Language Committee in Eretz-Israel. (Hebrew).
The Hebrew Language Committee. (1934). The work of the Hebrew Language Committee [מפעולות ועד הלשון]. [Dictionary of mathematical terms]. In A. Zifroni (Ed.), Leshoneinu: Quarterly for Hebrew Language Matters, 5(3&4) (May-August 1933), 345-355. Tel-Aviv, Israel: The Hebrew Language Committee in Eretz-Israel. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
The Hebrew Language Committee. (1940). Dictionary of mathematical terms: Hebrew-English-French-German [מלוני ועד הלשון העברית. מלון למנחי מתמטיקה: עברי-אנגלי-צרפתי-גרמני]. Jerusalem, Israel. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium. (1909, September-October). Report on the Gymnasium General State and on the 1909-1910 school year [הגמנסיה העברית ביפו. דין וחשבון על המצב הכללי של הגמנסיה ושנת-הלמודים תרס"ט]. (Hebrew). The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium archive, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium. (1911). Curriculum for every school year [הגמנסיה העברית ביפו. פרוגרמה לכל שנות הלמוד] (4th ed.). (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium. (1926). The curriculum of The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium in Jaffa, Tel-Aviv [תכנית הלימודים של הגמנסיה העברית "הרצליה" ביפו, תל-אביב]. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.120/5.
The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium. (1937). Curriculum plus general view on the school and on the student’s house [Extra-curricular activities] [הגמנסיה העברית "הרצליה" תל-אביב. תכנית הלימודים בצירוף השקפה כללית על המוסד ועל בית התלמיד]. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.103/10.
The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium. (1944, August-September). Report on The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium Work in 1943-1944 [דין וחשבון על עבודת הגמנסיה העברית "הרצליה" בשנת תש"ד]. [Includes Curriculum]. (Hebrew). The Herzlia Hebrew Gymnasium Archive, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
The Jerusalem Gymnasium. (1925). Curriculum [הגמנסיה בירושלים. תכנית]. (Hebrew). The Archives of Jewish Education in Israel and the Diaspora, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Document no. 8.120/3.
Yalon, H. (1941, March 25). The Department of Education Order regarding terminology [פקודת מחלקת החינוך בדבר מונחים]. Hed Ha-Hinuch (journal), (8-9), Year 15, pp. 288-289. (Hebrew). Retrieved from Beit Berl College Library, Kefar-Saba, Israel.
Downloads
Publicado
Métricas
Visualizações do artigo: 25 PDF downloads: 23
